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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Summary

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a long-term condition that affects how the digestive system functions. It causes recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort that is linked to changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or a mix of both. The pain is often relieved after passing stool.

Common dietary triggers include caffeine, dairy (lactose), and high-fructose foods. IBS does not cause permanent damage to the intestines, but symptoms can be persistent and affect daily life.

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

IBS is diagnosed based on symptoms, as there are no specific tests for the condition. However, a doctor may perform tests to rule out other conditions, especially if symptoms include:

  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Anemia (low iron levels)
  • Fever
  • Persistent diarrhea or blood in the stool

A physical examination of the abdomen is usually normal, though some people may have mild tenderness in the lower belly.

Management

IBS treatment is tailored to each person based on their symptoms and lifestyle. Common approaches include:

  • Dietary changes – Identifying and avoiding trigger foods (such as caffeine, dairy, or high-fructose foods). Some people benefit from a low-FODMAP diet, which limits certain fermentable carbohydrates.
  • Lifestyle adjustments – Managing stress, regular physical activity, and maintaining a balanced diet can help reduce symptoms.

Medications – Depending on symptoms, doctors may recommend fiber supplements, antispasmodic medications for cramping, or medications to help with diarrhea or constipation.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

IBS is a chronic condition, but symptoms may come and go. Regular follow-ups with a doctor can help monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed.

If new or worsening symptoms appear, further evaluation may be necessary to rule out other digestive conditions.

If you or your child experience persistent digestive discomfort, speak to a healthcare provider for guidance on managing IBS effectively.

History and Exam

Key diagnostic factor

  • presence of risk factors
  • abdominal pain
  • alteration of bowel habits associated with pain
  • abdominal bloating or distension

Other diagnostic factors

  • passage of mucus with stool
  • urgency of defecation

Risk factor

  • physical and sexual abuse
  • post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  • age <50 years
  • female sex

Diagnostic Investigations

1st investigations to order

  • FBC (Full Blood Count)

Investigations to consider

  • faecal occult blood test
  • quantitative faecal immunochemical test (FIT)
  • serologic tests for coeliac disease
  • faecal calprotectin

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    Other Related Conditions

    coeliac disease

    Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease or Ulcerative Colitis)

    Eosinophilic Oesophagitis

    cow’s milk protein intolerance, food allergies

    irritable bowel syndrome (ibs)

    reflux & vomiting

    failure to thrive

    constipation or diarrhoea

    incontinence

    chronic abdominal pain

    gastroparesis

    liver disease

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      1 Reason for referral *

      2 Parent Surname *

      3 Patient First Name *

      4 Email *

      5 Patient Surname *

      6 Phone *

      7 Child’s date of birth *

      8 Address