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Learning Disability

Summary

Intellectual disability refers to difficulties with general cognitive function, while learning difficulties affect specific areas such as reading, writing, or math. Children with intellectual disabilities have an IQ below 70, with mild cases falling between 50 and 70. In contrast, children with specific learning difficulties have normal intelligence but struggle with certain tasks, such as language (specific language impairment), reading (dyslexia), or math (dyscalculia). While these terms have distinct definitions, they are sometimes used interchangeably.

Epidemiology

  • Cognitive impairment affects about 2–3% of children, with common causes including Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome.
  • Learning difficulties are more common, affecting around 10% of children, with dyslexia being the most frequently diagnosed (5–12%).
  • Boys are more likely than girls to be affected by both cognitive impairment and learning difficulties.
  • Most conditions linked to these challenges are present from birth and result from differences in brain development.
  • Children with mild intellectual disability may not show obvious signs until they begin school, where learning challenges become more apparent.

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

A child may need an evaluation if they:

  • Show delays in reaching developmental milestones.
  • Struggle with learning despite normal teaching methods.
  • Have difficulty understanding or expressing language.
  • Experience sudden loss of previously acquired skills.

A multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach is used to diagnose and support children. Specialists involved may include:

  • Pediatricians or child psychiatrists (to assess overall development).
  • Psychologists (to evaluate cognitive abilities, such as IQ).
  • Speech therapists (to assess communication skills).
  • Occupational therapists (for motor coordination issues affecting writing and daily activities).

If a child suddenly develops learning difficulties or loses previously acquired skills, doctors may investigate underlying medical conditions such as brain injury or neurological disorders. 

Management

  • Educational support: Early intervention, tailored learning strategies, and individualized education plans (IEPs) help children succeed.
  • Speech therapy: Supports language development in children with communication difficulties.
  • Occupational therapy: Helps children with motor coordination issues (e.g., dyspraxia) improve their writing and daily skills.
  • Early reading programs: Can improve language and reading skills in children with intellectual disabilities.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

Children with learning difficulties or intellectual disabilities benefit from ongoing support to ensure they reach their full potential. Regular assessments help track progress, adjust interventions, and provide appropriate educational and developmental support.

Differentials

Common

  • Dyslexia
  • Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  • Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21)
  • Fragile X syndrome

Uncommon

  • Dyscalculia
  • Specific language disorder
  • Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD)
  • Developmental co-ordination disorder/dyspraxia

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      Social and emotional functioning refers to a child’s ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions, as well as to interact effectively with others. These skills are fundamental for building positive relationships, developing empathy, and coping with the everyday challenges of growing up.

      Children who experience difficulties in social and emotional functioning may struggle with recognizing their own feelings or those of others, regulating emotional responses, or responding appropriately in social situations. This can lead to challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, or misunderstandings with peers and adults.

      In the school environment, social and emotional difficulties can impact a child’s engagement, cooperation, and overall learning experience. Emotional distress may manifest as withdrawal, irritability, or disruptive behaviour, which can further affect academic progress and peer relationships.

      Assessment of social and emotional functioning as part of a neuropsychological evaluation typically includes behavioural observations, standardized rating scales, and information gathered from parents, teachers, and sometimes the child. This comprehensive approach helps identify strengths and areas for support in emotional regulation, social skills, and adaptive behaviours.

      Understanding a child’s social-emotional profile allows for the development of tailored strategies to enhance emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and improve social communication. Early intervention and supportive environments can empower children to navigate their emotions more effectively, fostering confidence and meaningful connections. 

      At Offspring Health, we aim to provide transparent information about the costs involved in neurodevelopmental and educational assessments.

      Neuropsychological assessments typically involve multiple sessions that usually take between 8 and 16 hours in total, depending on the complexity and individual needs. Our hourly rate is $260, so the total cost typically ranges between $2,300 and $4,230.

      Fees generally cover:

      • Initial consultation and history gathering
      • Testing sessions where your child will complete various fun and interactive tasks
      • Liaison with schools or health professionals as needed
      • Comprehensive case analysis and report preparation
      • Feedback sessions with families and, where applicable, educators or other professionals

      Please note that standard neuropsychological assessments are generally not covered by Medicare. However, some assessments and therapy services may be funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants. We recommend discussing funding options with your NDIS planner or support coordinator prior to booking. Private health insurance may offer partial rebates depending on your level of coverage.

      What’s the next step?

      Please phone reception for a discussion about your needs or email psychology@offspringhealth.com