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Seizures

Summary

Seizures in children can occur as a one-time event or may happen repeatedly, which is known as epilepsy. They can have various causes, including structural brain abnormalities, genetic factors, infections, metabolic disorders, immune conditions, or unknown origins.

Identifying the type of seizure and epilepsy syndrome is essential for effective treatment. This is done by analyzing the child’s seizure patterns, medical history, and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings. A detailed medical history is often the most important factor in diagnosis, as additional tests may not always be necessary.

Treatment depends on the specific epilepsy syndrome and may include medications, dietary therapies like the ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation, surgery, or lifestyle adjustments.

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

A child should see a doctor if they experience:

  • A sudden loss of awareness, muscle jerking, or unusual movements
  • Recurrent or prolonged staring spells
  • Repeated episodes of confusion or unresponsiveness
  • Loss of muscle control leading to sudden falls
  • Seizures lasting longer than five minutes or repeated seizures without recovery in between (medical emergency)

Doctors diagnose epilepsy by reviewing the child’s medical history, seizure patterns, and EEG results. Other tests, such as brain imaging, may be needed in some cases.

Management

Treatment options depend on the type of seizures and epilepsy syndrome and may include:

  • Medication: Anticonvulsant drugs are the most common treatment for seizure control.
  • Dietary therapy: The ketogenic diet, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, may help in specific epilepsy syndromes.
  • Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS): A device implanted under the skin sends electrical impulses to help control seizures.
  • Surgery: In cases where seizures originate from a specific brain area, surgery may be an option.
  • Lifestyle adjustments: Getting enough sleep, managing stress, and avoiding known triggers can help reduce seizure frequency.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

Regular follow-ups with a neurologist are essential to monitor seizure control and adjust treatment if necessary. Parents and caregivers should be educated on seizure first aid and safety precautions to protect their child during episodes.

With appropriate care, many children with epilepsy can lead active and fulfilling lives.

History and Exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • Presence of risk factors
  • Staring spells or inattention
  • Tonic-clonic seizures
  • Brief, arrhythmic muscular jerking movements

Other diagnostic factors

  • Incontinence
  • Tongue biting
  • Post-ictal phenomena
  • Precipitated by fatigue or lack of sleep

Risk factors

  • Genetic predisposition or family history
  • Antenatal or perinatal insults
  • Metabolic/neurodegenerative disorders
  • Traumatic brain injury

Diagnostic Investigations

1st investigations to order

  • Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • Blood glucose level
  • Basic metabolic panel
  • FBC

Investigations to consider

  • MRI brain
  • CT brain
  • Genetic testing

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    Other Related Conditions

    ASTHMA

    CONCERNS REGARDING GROWTH

    FEEDING PROBLEMS

    CONSTIPATION

    BED WETTING

    SEIZURES

    SLEEP DIFFICULTIES

    CHALLENGING BEHAVIOURS

    AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

    LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

    ADHD & Oppositional behaviours

    LANGUAGE DISORDERS

    TICS & TOURETTES DISORDER

    ANXIETY

    DEPRESSION

    INFECTIONS

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      Social and emotional functioning refers to a child’s ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions, as well as to interact effectively with others. These skills are fundamental for building positive relationships, developing empathy, and coping with the everyday challenges of growing up.

      Children who experience difficulties in social and emotional functioning may struggle with recognizing their own feelings or those of others, regulating emotional responses, or responding appropriately in social situations. This can lead to challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, or misunderstandings with peers and adults.

      In the school environment, social and emotional difficulties can impact a child’s engagement, cooperation, and overall learning experience. Emotional distress may manifest as withdrawal, irritability, or disruptive behaviour, which can further affect academic progress and peer relationships.

      Assessment of social and emotional functioning as part of a neuropsychological evaluation typically includes behavioural observations, standardized rating scales, and information gathered from parents, teachers, and sometimes the child. This comprehensive approach helps identify strengths and areas for support in emotional regulation, social skills, and adaptive behaviours.

      Understanding a child’s social-emotional profile allows for the development of tailored strategies to enhance emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and improve social communication. Early intervention and supportive environments can empower children to navigate their emotions more effectively, fostering confidence and meaningful connections. 

      At Offspring Health, we aim to provide transparent information about the costs involved in neurodevelopmental and educational assessments.

      Neuropsychological assessments typically involve multiple sessions that usually take between 8 and 16 hours in total, depending on the complexity and individual needs. Our hourly rate is $260, so the total cost typically ranges between $2,300 and $4,230.

      Fees generally cover:

      • Initial consultation and history gathering
      • Testing sessions where your child will complete various fun and interactive tasks
      • Liaison with schools or health professionals as needed
      • Comprehensive case analysis and report preparation
      • Feedback sessions with families and, where applicable, educators or other professionals

      Please note that standard neuropsychological assessments are generally not covered by Medicare. However, some assessments and therapy services may be funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants. We recommend discussing funding options with your NDIS planner or support coordinator prior to booking. Private health insurance may offer partial rebates depending on your level of coverage.

      What’s the next step?

      Please phone reception for a discussion about your needs or email psychology@offspringhealth.com