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Depression

Summary

Depression in children can look different than it does in adults, but the signs are just as important to recognize. It is marked by a persistently sad or irritable mood, a lack of interest in activities that were once enjoyable, low self-esteem, sleep problems, social withdrawal, and poor school performance.

At-risk children should be screened for depression early to ensure timely intervention. An accurate diagnosis involves a thorough evaluation, including a review of the child’s history and input from parents, teachers, and other significant individuals.

Given the potential for serious outcomes like school disengagement, substance abuse, and even suicidal thoughts, it is crucial to assess the severity of depression and determine the most appropriate treatment approach.

Treatment usually involves a combination of therapies such as psychotherapy, antidepressants, and close monitoring. However, long-term care is essential to prevent relapse or recurrence after recovery. 

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

If your child shows signs of depression, it is important to seek help from a healthcare provider. Common warning signs include:

  • Persistent sadness or irritability
  • Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed
  • Trouble sleeping or oversleeping
  • Difficulty concentrating or engaging in schoolwork
  • Withdrawing from family, friends, or social activities
  • Thoughts of self-harm or suicide

A professional will assess the child’s symptoms and may refer to a classification system like the DSM-5-TR, which outlines several types of depressive disorders. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) are common forms of depression in children.

Management

Treatment for depression in children may include:

  • Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or other therapeutic techniques can help children understand and manage their feelings.
  • Antidepressant Medications: For moderate to severe depression, medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be prescribed.
  • Support and Monitoring: Regular follow-ups ensure that treatment is working and allow for adjustments if needed. Family support and creating a stable routine are also crucial for recovery.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

Given the high risk for relapse, ongoing treatment and monitoring are essential even after the child recovers. A comprehensive plan that includes therapy, medication, and regular check-ins with healthcare providers can significantly reduce the risk of future depressive episodes.

If your child is experiencing any of the symptoms listed, it’s important to seek help and support early to ensure they receive the care they need to manage depression effectively.

History and Exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • Presence of risk factors
  • Sad and/or irritable mood
  • Decreased interest or lack of enjoyment
  • Significant functional impairment

Other diagnostic factors

  • Decreased concentration or indecision
  • Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Change of appetite or weight
  • Excessive fatigue

Risk factors

  • Positive family history of depression
  • Other parental psychopathology
  • Personal history of other psychiatric disorders (e.g. anxiety )
  • Stress or trauma

Diagnostic Investigations

1st investigations to order

  • Clinical diagnosis

Investigations to consider

  • Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4)
  • Full blood count with differential
  • Urine drug screen
  • Urine pregnancy test

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    Other Related Conditions

    ASTHMA

    CONCERNS REGARDING GROWTH

    FEEDING PROBLEMS

    CONSTIPATION

    BED WETTING

    SEIZURES

    SLEEP DIFFICULTIES

    CHALLENGING BEHAVIOURS

    AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

    LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

    ADHD & Oppositional behaviours

    LANGUAGE DISORDERS

    TICS & TOURETTES DISORDER

    ANXIETY

    DEPRESSION

    INFECTIONS

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      Social and emotional functioning refers to a child’s ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions, as well as to interact effectively with others. These skills are fundamental for building positive relationships, developing empathy, and coping with the everyday challenges of growing up.

      Children who experience difficulties in social and emotional functioning may struggle with recognizing their own feelings or those of others, regulating emotional responses, or responding appropriately in social situations. This can lead to challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, or misunderstandings with peers and adults.

      In the school environment, social and emotional difficulties can impact a child’s engagement, cooperation, and overall learning experience. Emotional distress may manifest as withdrawal, irritability, or disruptive behaviour, which can further affect academic progress and peer relationships.

      Assessment of social and emotional functioning as part of a neuropsychological evaluation typically includes behavioural observations, standardized rating scales, and information gathered from parents, teachers, and sometimes the child. This comprehensive approach helps identify strengths and areas for support in emotional regulation, social skills, and adaptive behaviours.

      Understanding a child’s social-emotional profile allows for the development of tailored strategies to enhance emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and improve social communication. Early intervention and supportive environments can empower children to navigate their emotions more effectively, fostering confidence and meaningful connections. 

      At Offspring Health, we aim to provide transparent information about the costs involved in neurodevelopmental and educational assessments.

      Neuropsychological assessments typically involve multiple sessions that usually take between 8 and 16 hours in total, depending on the complexity and individual needs. Our hourly rate is $260, so the total cost typically ranges between $2,300 and $4,230.

      Fees generally cover:

      • Initial consultation and history gathering
      • Testing sessions where your child will complete various fun and interactive tasks
      • Liaison with schools or health professionals as needed
      • Comprehensive case analysis and report preparation
      • Feedback sessions with families and, where applicable, educators or other professionals

      Please note that standard neuropsychological assessments are generally not covered by Medicare. However, some assessments and therapy services may be funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants. We recommend discussing funding options with your NDIS planner or support coordinator prior to booking. Private health insurance may offer partial rebates depending on your level of coverage.

      What’s the next step?

      Please phone reception for a discussion about your needs or email psychology@offspringhealth.com