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Constipation

Summary

Childhood constipation is a common condition that can cause infrequent bowel movements, large or hard stools, and painful or difficult defecation. It often results from a diet low in fiber, poor hydration, or incorrect toileting habits.

If constipation is not addressed early, it can lead to stool buildup (fecal impaction) and become a chronic issue. In some cases, children may withhold stools due to previous painful experiences, which can worsen the problem and create a cycle of constipation.

Treatment focuses on relieving the blockage, softening stools, and establishing healthy bowel habits.

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

If your child has fewer than three bowel movements per week, experiences pain while passing stool, or avoids using the toilet, it may be time to consult a doctor. Other signs include:

  • Large, hard stools that are difficult to pass
  • Frequent tummy aches or bloating
  • Stool leakage (soiling) in underwear
  • Fear or refusal to use the toilet

A healthcare provider will diagnose constipation based on symptoms, medical history, and a physical exam. In some cases, imaging tests may be needed if the condition is severe.

Management

Treatment for constipation involves a combination of:

  • Dietary changes: Increasing fiber-rich foods (fruits, vegetables, whole grains) and ensuring adequate fluid intake.
  • Toileting habits: Encouraging a regular bathroom routine, proper posture, and not delaying bowel movements.
  • Stool softeners or laxatives: Often prescribed after stool buildup is cleared to keep stools soft and prevent recurrence.

In some cases, medication may be needed for months or even years to maintain regularity and prevent relapse.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

Ongoing management is important to prevent constipation from becoming a long-term issue. Parents should monitor their child’s bowel habits, ensure they are drinking enough water, and continue using stool softeners as recommended by a doctor.

With proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, most children can overcome constipation and develop healthy bowel habits.

History and Exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • Presence of risk factors
  • Difficult or painful defecation
  • Long interval between stools
  • Faecal incontinence

Other diagnostic factors

  • Abdominal pain
  • Abdominal distention
  • Anal fissure
  • Associated blader problems

Risk factors

  • Low-fibre diet
  • Poor-nutrient diet
  • Genetic predisposition
  • infection

Diagnostic Investigations

1st investigations to order

  • no initial test

Investigations to consider

  • abdominal x-ray
  • radiopaque marker colonic transit study
  • abdominal ultrasound
  • contrast enema

Emerging test

  • anorectal manometry
  • colonic manometry

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    Other Related Conditions

    ASTHMA

    CONCERNS REGARDING GROWTH

    FEEDING PROBLEMS

    CONSTIPATION

    BED WETTING

    SEIZURES

    SLEEP DIFFICULTIES

    CHALLENGING BEHAVIOURS

    AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

    LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

    ADHD & Oppositional behaviours

    LANGUAGE DISORDERS

    TICS & TOURETTES DISORDER

    ANXIETY

    DEPRESSION

    INFECTIONS

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      Social and emotional functioning refers to a child’s ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions, as well as to interact effectively with others. These skills are fundamental for building positive relationships, developing empathy, and coping with the everyday challenges of growing up.

      Children who experience difficulties in social and emotional functioning may struggle with recognizing their own feelings or those of others, regulating emotional responses, or responding appropriately in social situations. This can lead to challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, or misunderstandings with peers and adults.

      In the school environment, social and emotional difficulties can impact a child’s engagement, cooperation, and overall learning experience. Emotional distress may manifest as withdrawal, irritability, or disruptive behaviour, which can further affect academic progress and peer relationships.

      Assessment of social and emotional functioning as part of a neuropsychological evaluation typically includes behavioural observations, standardized rating scales, and information gathered from parents, teachers, and sometimes the child. This comprehensive approach helps identify strengths and areas for support in emotional regulation, social skills, and adaptive behaviours.

      Understanding a child’s social-emotional profile allows for the development of tailored strategies to enhance emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and improve social communication. Early intervention and supportive environments can empower children to navigate their emotions more effectively, fostering confidence and meaningful connections. 

      At Offspring Health, we aim to provide transparent information about the costs involved in neurodevelopmental and educational assessments.

      Neuropsychological assessments typically involve multiple sessions that usually take between 8 and 16 hours in total, depending on the complexity and individual needs. Our hourly rate is $260, so the total cost typically ranges between $2,300 and $4,230.

      Fees generally cover:

      • Initial consultation and history gathering
      • Testing sessions where your child will complete various fun and interactive tasks
      • Liaison with schools or health professionals as needed
      • Comprehensive case analysis and report preparation
      • Feedback sessions with families and, where applicable, educators or other professionals

      Please note that standard neuropsychological assessments are generally not covered by Medicare. However, some assessments and therapy services may be funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants. We recommend discussing funding options with your NDIS planner or support coordinator prior to booking. Private health insurance may offer partial rebates depending on your level of coverage.

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      Please phone reception for a discussion about your needs or email psychology@offspringhealth.com