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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Summary

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that affects how individuals communicate, interact, and experience the world. People with ASD have a wide range of abilities—some may need significant support in daily life, while others live independently and have unique strengths.

Common characteristics of ASD include:

  • Challenges with social communication (e.g., difficulty understanding emotions, maintaining conversations, or making eye contact)
  • Repetitive behaviors and intense interests (e.g., lining up objects, hand-flapping, or deep focus on specific topics)
  • Sensory differences (e.g., being highly sensitive to sounds, lights, or textures)

ASD is usually identified in childhood, but some signs may become clearer as a child grows. While genetics play a role in ASD, environmental factors may also contribute.

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

Parents and caregivers should consider an ASD evaluation if a child shows:

  • Delayed speech or difficulty with communication
  • Limited eye contact or difficulty engaging with others
  • Unusual play patterns (e.g., playing with parts of toys instead of the whole toy)
  • Strong reactions to sensory input (e.g., discomfort with certain fabrics, loud noises, or bright lights)
  • Repetitive movements or behaviors

A specialist (such as a pediatrician, psychologist, or developmental specialist) will evaluate a child’s social, communication, and behavioral skills through observations and standardized assessments.

Management

There is no cure for ASD, but early therapy and support can significantly improve communication, learning, and independence. Treatment may include:

  • Behavioral Therapy – Helps with communication, social skills, and daily routines.
  • Speech Therapy – Supports verbal and non-verbal communication.
  • Occupational Therapy – Helps with motor skills, sensory processing, and daily activities.
  • Educational Support – Schools provide Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) for tailored learning.
  • Medical Support – Some individuals may need treatment for anxiety, sleep issues, or epilepsy.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

ASD is a lifelong condition, but with the right support, many individuals thrive. Regular check-ins with healthcare providers, therapists, and educators help adjust interventions based on individual needs.

Every person with ASD is unique, and with understanding and support, they can lead fulfilling and meaningful lives. If you suspect ASD in your child, seeking early evaluation and intervention can make a big difference.

History and Exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • Presence of risk factors
  • Language delay or regression
  • Verbal and non-verbal communication impairment
  • Social impairment

Other diagnostic factors

  • Placid or very irritable as a baby
  • Feeding difficulties
  • Unusual posturing
  • Motor stereotypies

Risk factors

  • Male sex
  • Positive family history
  • Gestational valproate exposure
  • Genetic variants

Diagnostic Investigations

1st investigations to order

  • ASD screening tests
  • Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)
  • Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)

Investigations to consider

  • Diagnostic questionnaires (e.g. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised [ADI-R]; Developmental, Dimensional, and Diagnostic Interview [3di]; Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders [DISCO]
  • Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule (ADOS)
  • Skin examination with Wood lamp
  • Genetic testing

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    Other Related Conditions

    ASTHMA

    CONCERNS REGARDING GROWTH

    FEEDING PROBLEMS

    CONSTIPATION

    BED WETTING

    SEIZURES

    SLEEP DIFFICULTIES

    CHALLENGING BEHAVIOURS

    AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

    LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

    ADHD & Oppositional behaviours

    LANGUAGE DISORDERS

    TICS & TOURETTES DISORDER

    ANXIETY

    DEPRESSION

    INFECTIONS

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      Social and emotional functioning refers to a child’s ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions, as well as to interact effectively with others. These skills are fundamental for building positive relationships, developing empathy, and coping with the everyday challenges of growing up.

      Children who experience difficulties in social and emotional functioning may struggle with recognizing their own feelings or those of others, regulating emotional responses, or responding appropriately in social situations. This can lead to challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, or misunderstandings with peers and adults.

      In the school environment, social and emotional difficulties can impact a child’s engagement, cooperation, and overall learning experience. Emotional distress may manifest as withdrawal, irritability, or disruptive behaviour, which can further affect academic progress and peer relationships.

      Assessment of social and emotional functioning as part of a neuropsychological evaluation typically includes behavioural observations, standardized rating scales, and information gathered from parents, teachers, and sometimes the child. This comprehensive approach helps identify strengths and areas for support in emotional regulation, social skills, and adaptive behaviours.

      Understanding a child’s social-emotional profile allows for the development of tailored strategies to enhance emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and improve social communication. Early intervention and supportive environments can empower children to navigate their emotions more effectively, fostering confidence and meaningful connections. 

      At Offspring Health, we aim to provide transparent information about the costs involved in neurodevelopmental and educational assessments.

      Neuropsychological assessments typically involve multiple sessions that usually take between 8 and 16 hours in total, depending on the complexity and individual needs. Our hourly rate is $260, so the total cost typically ranges between $2,300 and $4,230.

      Fees generally cover:

      • Initial consultation and history gathering
      • Testing sessions where your child will complete various fun and interactive tasks
      • Liaison with schools or health professionals as needed
      • Comprehensive case analysis and report preparation
      • Feedback sessions with families and, where applicable, educators or other professionals

      Please note that standard neuropsychological assessments are generally not covered by Medicare. However, some assessments and therapy services may be funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants. We recommend discussing funding options with your NDIS planner or support coordinator prior to booking. Private health insurance may offer partial rebates depending on your level of coverage.

      What’s the next step?

      Please phone reception for a discussion about your needs or email psychology@offspringhealth.com