Summary
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that affects how individuals communicate, interact, and experience the world. People with ASD have a wide range of abilities—some may need significant support in daily life, while others live independently and have unique strengths.
Common characteristics of ASD include:
- Challenges with social communication (e.g., difficulty understanding emotions, maintaining conversations, or making eye contact)
- Repetitive behaviors and intense interests (e.g., lining up objects, hand-flapping, or deep focus on specific topics)
- Sensory differences (e.g., being highly sensitive to sounds, lights, or textures)
ASD is usually identified in childhood, but some signs may become clearer as a child grows. While genetics play a role in ASD, environmental factors may also contribute.
Diagnosis and When to Seek Help
Parents and caregivers should consider an ASD evaluation if a child shows:
- Delayed speech or difficulty with communication
- Limited eye contact or difficulty engaging with others
- Unusual play patterns (e.g., playing with parts of toys instead of the whole toy)
- Strong reactions to sensory input (e.g., discomfort with certain fabrics, loud noises, or bright lights)
- Repetitive movements or behaviors
A specialist (such as a pediatrician, psychologist, or developmental specialist) will evaluate a child’s social, communication, and behavioral skills through observations and standardized assessments.
Management
There is no cure for ASD, but early therapy and support can significantly improve communication, learning, and independence. Treatment may include:
- Behavioral Therapy – Helps with communication, social skills, and daily routines.
- Speech Therapy – Supports verbal and non-verbal communication.
- Occupational Therapy – Helps with motor skills, sensory processing, and daily activities.
- Educational Support – Schools provide Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) for tailored learning.
- Medical Support – Some individuals may need treatment for anxiety, sleep issues, or epilepsy.
Follow-Up and Monitoring
ASD is a lifelong condition, but with the right support, many individuals thrive. Regular check-ins with healthcare providers, therapists, and educators help adjust interventions based on individual needs.
Every person with ASD is unique, and with understanding and support, they can lead fulfilling and meaningful lives. If you suspect ASD in your child, seeking early evaluation and intervention can make a big difference.
History and Exam
Key diagnostic factors
- Presence of risk factors
- Language delay or regression
- Verbal and non-verbal communication impairment
- Social impairment
Other diagnostic factors
- Placid or very irritable as a baby
- Feeding difficulties
- Unusual posturing
- Motor stereotypies
Risk factors
- Male sex
- Positive family history
- Gestational valproate exposure
- Genetic variants
Diagnostic Investigations
1st investigations to order
- ASD screening tests
- Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)
- Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)
Investigations to consider
- Diagnostic questionnaires (e.g. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised [ADI-R]; Developmental, Dimensional, and Diagnostic Interview [3di]; Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders [DISCO]
- Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule (ADOS)
- Skin examination with Wood lamp
- Genetic testing
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