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Panic Disorder

Summary

Panic disorder is a condition where a person experiences frequent, unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are intense episodes of anxiety, with physical symptoms like a racing heart, shortness of breath, or dizziness. The frequency of these attacks can vary—some people may have them in clusters over a short period, while others experience them periodically over months. Panic disorder often occurs alongside other conditions, such as anxiety, depression, or substance use disorders. Stress can often trigger these attacks, and those with a family history of panic disorder may be at higher risk.

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

If you or a loved one experiences sudden and intense anxiety symptoms, such as a rapid heart rate, difficulty breathing, or overwhelming fear without a clear cause, it may be a panic attack. It’s important to consult a doctor if these episodes happen repeatedly and cause persistent worry about having another attack or about the consequences of the attacks (like fearing a heart attack). Your doctor will assess your symptoms through a combination of personal interviews, behavioral observations, and ruling out other medical causes

Management

The main treatments for panic disorder include:

  • Self-help strategies: Learning relaxation techniques, managing stress, and avoiding panic-inducing situations can be helpful.
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This is a type of therapy that helps people change patterns of thinking and behavior that contribute to panic attacks.
  • Medications: Doctors may prescribe selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) to help reduce anxiety and prevent panic attacks.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

Ongoing care is important to manage panic disorder. After starting treatment, it’s essential to have regular follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider to track your progress and adjust treatment if necessary. Long-term care focuses on preventing relapse and managing any future panic attacks, even after stopping treatment. Monitoring how you respond to therapy and medications will help ensure the best outcome.

History and Exam

Key diagnostic factor

  • Presence of risk factors
  • Unexpected onset
  • Apprehension and worry
  • Behavioural avoidance

Other diagnostic factors

  • Palpitations; chest pain and discomfort
  • Nausea and abdominal pain
  • Dizziness
  • Perceptual abnormality

Risk factors

  • History in first-degree relatives
  • Age 18 to 39 years
  • Female sex
  • White and Native American ethnicity

Diagnostic Investigations

1st investigations to order

  • Clinical assessment

Investigations to consider

  • ECG
  • Blood glucose
  • Thyroid function tests
  • Metabolic panel

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      Social and emotional functioning refers to a child’s ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions, as well as to interact effectively with others. These skills are fundamental for building positive relationships, developing empathy, and coping with the everyday challenges of growing up.

      Children who experience difficulties in social and emotional functioning may struggle with recognizing their own feelings or those of others, regulating emotional responses, or responding appropriately in social situations. This can lead to challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, or misunderstandings with peers and adults.

      In the school environment, social and emotional difficulties can impact a child’s engagement, cooperation, and overall learning experience. Emotional distress may manifest as withdrawal, irritability, or disruptive behaviour, which can further affect academic progress and peer relationships.

      Assessment of social and emotional functioning as part of a neuropsychological evaluation typically includes behavioural observations, standardized rating scales, and information gathered from parents, teachers, and sometimes the child. This comprehensive approach helps identify strengths and areas for support in emotional regulation, social skills, and adaptive behaviours.

      Understanding a child’s social-emotional profile allows for the development of tailored strategies to enhance emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and improve social communication. Early intervention and supportive environments can empower children to navigate their emotions more effectively, fostering confidence and meaningful connections. 

      At Offspring Health, we aim to provide transparent information about the costs involved in neurodevelopmental and educational assessments.

      Neuropsychological assessments typically involve multiple sessions that usually take between 8 and 16 hours in total, depending on the complexity and individual needs. Our hourly rate is $260, so the total cost typically ranges between $2,300 and $4,230.

      Fees generally cover:

      • Initial consultation and history gathering
      • Testing sessions where your child will complete various fun and interactive tasks
      • Liaison with schools or health professionals as needed
      • Comprehensive case analysis and report preparation
      • Feedback sessions with families and, where applicable, educators or other professionals

      Please note that standard neuropsychological assessments are generally not covered by Medicare. However, some assessments and therapy services may be funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants. We recommend discussing funding options with your NDIS planner or support coordinator prior to booking. Private health insurance may offer partial rebates depending on your level of coverage.

      What’s the next step?

      Please phone reception for a discussion about your needs or email psychology@offspringhealth.com