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Tics & Tourettes Disorder

Summary

Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition that causes involuntary movements and sounds called tics. It begins in childhood and varies in severity from mild, temporary tics to more complex and persistent ones. Some children may also experience behavioral challenges, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The exact cause of Tourette’s syndrome is not fully understood, but it often runs in families. There is no specific test to diagnose TS; instead, doctors rely on a detailed medical history and observation of symptoms.

While tics can change in frequency and intensity over time, most children see improvement in their late teens or early adulthood. Managing symptoms involves a combination of education, behavioral strategies, and, in some cases, medication.

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

A child should be evaluated for Tourette’s syndrome if they exhibit:

  • Repeated involuntary movements (such as blinking, head jerking, or shoulder shrugging)
  • Uncontrollable vocal sounds (such as throat clearing, grunting, or repeating words)
  • Symptoms that persist for more than a year and are not due to another medical condition

A healthcare provider will assess the child’s medical history and symptoms. No laboratory tests are needed, but additional evaluations may be done if another condition is suspected.

Management

Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms that interfere with daily life. Options include:

  • Education and support: Helping children, families, and teachers understand TS can reduce stress and improve coping strategies.
  • Behavioral therapy: Habit reversal therapy (HRT) and cognitive behavioral interventions for tics (CBIT) can help manage symptoms.
  • Medications: In severe cases, medications may be used to control tics or associated conditions like ADHD or OCD.
  • Lifestyle adjustments: Reducing stress, getting enough sleep, and engaging in physical activities can help minimize tic severity.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

Regular follow-ups with a doctor or specialist can help adjust treatment strategies as symptoms change. Emotional support from family, teachers, and peers is essential for a child’s confidence and well-being.

With the right approach, many children with Tourette’s syndrome can lead fulfilling and successful lives. 

History and Exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • Presence of risk factors
  • Early childhood onset
  • Abnormal movements
  • Vocal sounds

Other diagnostic factors

  • Improvement of symptoms when focused on other tasks
  • Worsening of symptoms under stress
  • Ritualistic behaviours

Risk factors

  • Male sex
  • Age 3 to 8 years
  • Family history of TS or tics
  • History of OCD or ADHD

Diagnostic Investigations

1st investigations to order

  • Clinical diagnosis

Investigations to consider

  • Brain MRI
  • EEG
  • Premonitory urge for tics scale (PUTS)

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    Other Related Conditions

    ASTHMA

    CONCERNS REGARDING GROWTH

    FEEDING PROBLEMS

    CONSTIPATION

    BED WETTING

    SEIZURES

    SLEEP DIFFICULTIES

    CHALLENGING BEHAVIOURS

    AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

    LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

    ADHD & Oppositional behaviours

    LANGUAGE DISORDERS

    TICS & TOURETTES DISORDER

    ANXIETY

    DEPRESSION

    INFECTIONS

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      Social and emotional functioning refers to a child’s ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions, as well as to interact effectively with others. These skills are fundamental for building positive relationships, developing empathy, and coping with the everyday challenges of growing up.

      Children who experience difficulties in social and emotional functioning may struggle with recognizing their own feelings or those of others, regulating emotional responses, or responding appropriately in social situations. This can lead to challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, or misunderstandings with peers and adults.

      In the school environment, social and emotional difficulties can impact a child’s engagement, cooperation, and overall learning experience. Emotional distress may manifest as withdrawal, irritability, or disruptive behaviour, which can further affect academic progress and peer relationships.

      Assessment of social and emotional functioning as part of a neuropsychological evaluation typically includes behavioural observations, standardized rating scales, and information gathered from parents, teachers, and sometimes the child. This comprehensive approach helps identify strengths and areas for support in emotional regulation, social skills, and adaptive behaviours.

      Understanding a child’s social-emotional profile allows for the development of tailored strategies to enhance emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and improve social communication. Early intervention and supportive environments can empower children to navigate their emotions more effectively, fostering confidence and meaningful connections. 

      At Offspring Health, we aim to provide transparent information about the costs involved in neurodevelopmental and educational assessments.

      Neuropsychological assessments typically involve multiple sessions that usually take between 8 and 16 hours in total, depending on the complexity and individual needs. Our hourly rate is $260, so the total cost typically ranges between $2,300 and $4,230.

      Fees generally cover:

      • Initial consultation and history gathering
      • Testing sessions where your child will complete various fun and interactive tasks
      • Liaison with schools or health professionals as needed
      • Comprehensive case analysis and report preparation
      • Feedback sessions with families and, where applicable, educators or other professionals

      Please note that standard neuropsychological assessments are generally not covered by Medicare. However, some assessments and therapy services may be funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants. We recommend discussing funding options with your NDIS planner or support coordinator prior to booking. Private health insurance may offer partial rebates depending on your level of coverage.

      What’s the next step?

      Please phone reception for a discussion about your needs or email psychology@offspringhealth.com