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Urticaria

Summary

Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a skin condition that causes red, itchy, and swollen patches (welts) on the skin. These welts can vary in size and shape and may appear anywhere on the body. They usually last for a few hours but can persist for up to 24 hours before fading. Hives can be triggered by allergic reactions, infections, heat, stress, or unknown causes.

Diagnosis and When to Seek Help

Hives are diagnosed based on their appearance and symptoms. Parents should seek medical advice if:

  • The hives last for more than six weeks (chronic urticaria).
  • The child experiences swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat (angioedema).
  • There are signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing or dizziness (seek emergency care immediately).
  • The hives keep coming back without an obvious cause.

Management

Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the hives:

  • Mild Cases: Over-the-counter antihistamines can help reduce itching and swelling.
  • Severe or Persistent Cases: A doctor may prescribe stronger antihistamines or other medications to control symptoms.
  • Identifying Triggers: If a specific allergen or irritant is suspected, avoiding it can help prevent future outbreaks.
  • Chronic Urticaria: If hives last for more than six weeks, further testing may be needed to identify potential underlying causes.

Follow-Up and Monitoring

  • Keep a record of possible triggers, such as foods, medications, or environmental factors.
  • Ensure your child takes prescribed medications as directed.
  • Follow up with a doctor if hives persist or worsen.

With the right management, most cases of urticaria can be controlled, allowing children to remain comfortable and active.

History and Exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • Erythematous oedematous lesions
  • Pruritus
  • Resolution within 24 hours
  • Swelling of face, tongue, or lips

Other diagnostic factors

  • Blanching lesions
  • stridor

Risk factors

  • positive family history
  • female sex
  • exposure to drug trigger
  • exposure to food trigger

Diagnostic Investigations

1st investigations to order

  • FBC with differential
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • CRP
  • C4 level

Investigations to consider

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
  • Skin prick testing
  • Allergen avoidance diet

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    Other Related Conditions

    food allergy

    eczema

    allergic rhinitis (hayfever)

    ASTHMA

    anaphylaxis

    drug allergy

    insect sting allergy

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      Social and emotional functioning refers to a child’s ability to understand, express, and manage their emotions, as well as to interact effectively with others. These skills are fundamental for building positive relationships, developing empathy, and coping with the everyday challenges of growing up.

      Children who experience difficulties in social and emotional functioning may struggle with recognizing their own feelings or those of others, regulating emotional responses, or responding appropriately in social situations. This can lead to challenges such as anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty making friends, or misunderstandings with peers and adults.

      In the school environment, social and emotional difficulties can impact a child’s engagement, cooperation, and overall learning experience. Emotional distress may manifest as withdrawal, irritability, or disruptive behaviour, which can further affect academic progress and peer relationships.

      Assessment of social and emotional functioning as part of a neuropsychological evaluation typically includes behavioural observations, standardized rating scales, and information gathered from parents, teachers, and sometimes the child. This comprehensive approach helps identify strengths and areas for support in emotional regulation, social skills, and adaptive behaviours.

      Understanding a child’s social-emotional profile allows for the development of tailored strategies to enhance emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and improve social communication. Early intervention and supportive environments can empower children to navigate their emotions more effectively, fostering confidence and meaningful connections. 

      At Offspring Health, we aim to provide transparent information about the costs involved in neurodevelopmental and educational assessments.

      Neuropsychological assessments typically involve multiple sessions that usually take between 8 and 16 hours in total, depending on the complexity and individual needs. Our hourly rate is $260, so the total cost typically ranges between $2,300 and $4,230.

      Fees generally cover:

      • Initial consultation and history gathering
      • Testing sessions where your child will complete various fun and interactive tasks
      • Liaison with schools or health professionals as needed
      • Comprehensive case analysis and report preparation
      • Feedback sessions with families and, where applicable, educators or other professionals

      Please note that standard neuropsychological assessments are generally not covered by Medicare. However, some assessments and therapy services may be funded through the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) for eligible participants. We recommend discussing funding options with your NDIS planner or support coordinator prior to booking. Private health insurance may offer partial rebates depending on your level of coverage.

      What’s the next step?

      Please phone reception for a discussion about your needs or email psychology@offspringhealth.com